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Based on current global trends, the authors predicted that every species of wild-caught seafood—from tuna to sardines—will collapse by the year I was shocked and disturbed by how consistent these trends are—beyond anything we suspected. The impacts of species loss go beyond declines in seafood, the authors said, noting that human health risks also emerge as depleted coastal ecosystems become vulnerable to invasive species, disease outbreaks and noxious algal blooms.
The research team analyzed 32 controlled experiments, observational studies from 48 marine protected areas and global catch data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's database of all fish and invertebrates worldwide from to The scientists also looked at a 1,year time series for 12 coastal regions, drawing on data from archives, fishery records, sediment cores and archeological sources.
The results revealed that every species lost causes a faster unraveling of the overall ecosystem. This progressive biodiversity loss not only impairs the ability of the ocean to feed a growing human population but also sabotages the stability of marine environments, the authors said.
Conversely, the study found that every species recovered adds significantly to the ecosystem's overall productivity and ability to withstand stresses. According to the research team, species collapses are hastened by the decline in overall health of the ecosystem—fish rely on the clean water, prey populations and diverse habitats that are linked to higher diversity systems.
This finding points to the need for marine resource managers to consider all species together rather than continuing with single-species management, the authors said. One pressing question for managers is whether losses can be reversed, the authors said. If species have not been pushed too far down, recovery can be fast, they found, adding that there is also a point of no return where recovery is unlikely, as in the case of the northern Atlantic cod.
Examination of protected areas worldwide showed that restoration of biodiversity greatly increased productivity and made ecosystems 21 percent less susceptible to environmental and human-caused fluctuations on average—an indication that ocean ecosystems have a strong capacity to rebound. But less than 1 percent of the global ocean is effectively protected right now. We won't see complete recovery in one year, but in many cases species come back more quickly than people anticipated—in three to five to 10 years.
And where this has been done we see immediate economic benefits. The buffering impact of species diversity also generates long-term benefits that must be incorporated into future economic valuation and management decisions, the authors found.
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